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golden retriever puppies for sale ky - Family Integration The German Shepherd Dalmatian mix, also known as the German Shepmatian, is a unique and eye-catching breed that may pique your interest. A puppy of these two breeds combines the robustness of the German Shepherd breed and the friendliness of a Dalmatian parent. When it comes to temperament and behavior, you can expect your German Shepmatian to be an active, trainable dog that thrives with daily exercise and mental stimulation. These dogs often make excellent family pets, possessing the working drive and protective nature of the GSD alongside the playful, sociable nature of the Dalmatian. With its strong, athletic build, this mixed breed can have a variety of coat types — from the short and dense coat of the Dalmatian to the medium double coat of the GSD breed. As for color, you might see the iconic Dalmatian black spots on a German Shepmatian, but it could also inherit the more traditional GSD coat colors. Size When it comes to size, the German Shepherd Dalmatian mix is a medium to large-sized dog with a sturdy structure. Keep in mind that their size and strength could vary depending on the traits inherited from their parent breeds. Height Your German Shepmatian can stand anywhere between 19 48 cm and 26 inches 66 cm tall at the shoulder. This range is due to the varying heights of their parent breeds — a GSD typically stands between 22 53 cm and 26 inches 66 cm , while a Dalmatian can range from 19 48 cm to 26 inches 66 cm in height. Be prepared for a dog that may end up being taller or shorter depending on which parent breed they take after. Weight In terms of weight, you can expect your German Shepherd Dalmatian mix to fall within the range of their parent breeds. This crossbreed will likely weigh between 45 20 kilograms and 80 pounds 36 kilogram , again depending on which traits they inherit. Dalmatian German Shepherd Mix Characteristics and Traits Temperament The German Shepherd and Dalmatian mix is a loyal, active dog with high energy levels, making it a great companion for dog owners with an active lifestyle. They make loving companions, and their temperament reflects the best of both Dalmatians and GSDs. They are friendly, outgoing, and they easily bond with their human family members. Intelligence Typically, German Shepmatians are highly intelligent dogs, which is a trait inherited from both of their parent breeds. Their high level of intelligence makes them easy to train and eager to please. With proper training, your German Shepmatian can learn quickly and be a well-behaved companion. Energy Levels This mix breed is known for its high-energy levels and high activity levels. Therefore, they must have plenty of opportunities for physical and mental stimulation. Because of their size and energy, you might find it challenging to accommodate their needs if you live in a small apartment. A house with a fenced yard would be more suitable for their lifestyle. Exercise Requirements Your active, high-energy German Shepmatian will require daily exercise to maintain their physical health and mental well-being. This can include activities such as: Long walks or runs Fetch or Frisbee games Agility or obedience training Remember to use positive reinforcement during training to encourage good behavior and maintain a strong bond with your dog. This will help them become well-adjusted to different situations, people, and other animals. Regular exposure to new experiences will ensure that your dog remains confident and comfortable in various environments. While Dalmatians were originally bred as coach dogs, GSDs are known for their guarding and protection abilities. Your German Shepmatian mix may inherit these traits, making them a potentially protective family member. However, proper training and socialization can help prevent aggressive or overly protective behavior. This mixed breed may have a lower risk of inheriting certain genetic conditions, but you should still keep an eye out for common medical issues. For instance, your dog may be prone to hip dysplasia, a joint condition that can impact their mobility. Additionally, skin allergies are another concern you should watch out for. Since the Dalmatian breed is known for being susceptible to deafness, you may want to ensure your German Shepherd Dalmatian mix receives regular ear checkups. Kidney diseases and urinary system issues are also potential health concerns, as both parent breeds can be prone to them. Lastly, anxiety could be a problem for your dog, so maintaining a consistent routine and providing lots of mental stimulation can help keep stress levels in check. To ensure your dog has a long and healthy life, be diligent about attending regular vet checkups, providing proper exercise and nutrition, and staying attentive to any signs of health concerns. With proper care and attention, your dog will have a great chance of enjoying a healthy and fulfilling life by your side. These dogs have medium to long coats that require regular brushing to remove dead hair and prevent matting. A fine-toothed comb or a slicker brush will work well for this task. Brush your dog at least once a week, but consider doing it more often during shedding seasons. Diet The diet of your German Shepherd Dalmatian mix plays a crucial role in their overall health and well-being. A well-balanced diet consists of high-quality dog food and plenty of fresh water. Ensure that the dog food you choose is specifically designed for large, active breeds like the German Shepherd and Dalmatian. Overfeeding can lead to obesity and related health problems. Look for high-quality protein sources like chicken, fish, or beef. They also make a great low-calorie treat. Avoid Human Food: While it may be tempting to share your meals with your dog, most human foods are unhealthy for them and can cause digestive issues. If you notice excessive shedding, consider changing their diet to improve their hair health. Aside from diet, ensure your German Shepherd Dalmatian mix receives sufficient exercise and mental stimulation to stay healthy and happy. Regular walks, playtime, and obedience training are all great ways to engage your dog physically and mentally. Training and Socialization Bringing home a German Shepherd Dalmatian mix means that you should start focusing on training and socialization early. These dogs are highly intelligent and energetic, which makes them relatively easy to train, but also demands your time and effort. Training Techniques As with any dog breed, begin by establishing a strong bond and trust with your German Shepherd Dalmatian mix. Use positive reinforcement techniques like treats, praise, and toys for engaging and motivating your pup. Keep training sessions short, consistent, and fun for best results. Interaction with Other Pets Your German Shepherd Dalmatian mix may inherit strong guarding instincts and protective nature from both parent breeds, making it essential to socialize them with other pets early. Introduce your dog to other friendly dogs and animals gradually, under controlled settings. Monitor their interactions until you feel confident they understand how to play and communicate appropriately with other pets. Continue this process throughout their life to ensure they stay well-adjusted and sociable. Family Integration A properly socialized and trained German Shepherd Dalmatian mix can be an excellent family dog, loyal and affectionate to all family members. Encourage every member of your household to participate in the training and care of your dog, reinforcing the bond between them and your pup. Ensure each family member knows the importance of consistency during training to avoid confusion for your dog. When integrating your German Shepherd Dalmatian mix into your family, keep in mind their energetic nature and need for physical activity. Schedule daily exercise, such as walks, jogs, or games of fetch, to keep them mentally and physically stimulated. Moreover, remember their working dog heritage, as engaging in activities like agility or scent detection can tap into their instincts and further deepen your bond with them. David W. I admire German Shepherds. They are magnificent dogs! I have been dealing with dogs, namely German Shepherds, throughout my life. I have been working part-time as a dog trainer and instructor for about 5 years, dealing mainly with German Shepherds. So I know a bit about these animals. Therefore, I decided to share my knowledge and experience about this fantastic breed. If you need help with advice and care tips or want to know more about German Shepherd dogs, welcome to this blog. IMDb described it as a movie where the villain plotted to steal Dalmatian puppies to use their fur in making an extravagant coat. The movie made the Dalmatian breed a household name. Dogumentary TV described Dalmatians as delightful dogs with eye-catching spots of black — the most distinctive coat in the dog world. It is a medium to large size dog and was originally used to guard horses. To date, Dals are considered as one of the most reliable watchdogs to have. These unique black spots slowly appear as Dals grow. The spots can be scattered, in one place or just all over their bodies. They even have spots inside their mouths. Dals also comes with a strong body from their muscular muscles. According to AKC , one thing that you should consider if you will get a Dal is their weak urinary tract. Dals have a high risk of developing bladder stone problems. He owned the first registered GSD whose name was Horan. A handsome dog, the GSD is known for its great looks, agility, and bravery. The unique trait of German Shepherds is their soft heart. Aside from being brave, this breed of dog is known for taking a risk when saving the life of its owner. They are also intelligent and easy to train. According to its website, it is a dog that can weigh up to 95 pounds. For its positive traits, a German Shepmatian is expected to show protective and guarding instincts. It inherits its protective instinct from its German Shepherd parent and the guarding instinct from its Dalmatian parent. Is There a Demand for a German Shepmatian? Having a Dalmatian and a German Shepherd breed is not a wise choice according to a Quora member. The Quora member explained that both breeds have serious medical issues. The German Shepherd is known for having bad hips and back problems while Dalmatians are known for having skin and gall bladder problems. This probably explains why there is not much demand for a German Shepmatian in the market today. Even breeders are not attempting to produce one. Your options? You can either get a purebred Dalmatian, a purebred German Shepherd or find a popular mix of breeds from these two. What to Expect from a German Shepmatian? If you will breed a GSD and a Dalmatian together, you should be aware of the following factors according to the All Shepherd website. Coat GSDs have thick and medium-length coat while Dalmatians have a short and smooth coat. Combine them and you can expect a dog with medium to short hair. Both breeds are heavy shedders. Sweeping and vacuuming might become a part of your daily task once you got a German Shepmatian. Color GSDs are mostly available in tan, black, sable or a combination of these colors. Dalmatians come with white skin covered with black spots. Size GSDs and Dals are medium to large dogs. You can expect the German Shepmatian to be a medium to large dog that can weigh up to 90 pounds. GSDs can grow up to 26 inches while Dals can grow up to inches. You can have a German Shepmatian that can grow as tall as 26 inches. Temperament The German Shepherd and Dalmatian have the same traits such as being loyal, alert, and intelligent. Both breeds are also highly trainable. If you will mix them, you will have a very focus German Shepmatian from the herding experiences of a German Shepherds and a great companion from the coach companion experiences of Dalmatians. Exercises and Physical Activities Although they have a different purpose, German Shepherds and Dalmatians are both used as human partners. GSDs are very energetic while Dalmatians are very powerful and can run for miles. A German Shepmatian means having a very active dog that will need physical activities regularly. Diet German Shepherd should be fed with a high-protein diet. Dalmatians have low-tolerance with the high-protein diet because of their unique urinary system. You should watch what you fed your German Shepmatian because of this. Besides, Dalmatians gains weight easily and are at risk of becoming obese. Skin allergies and dysplasia are common to both breeds. When breeding, the genetic factor is a big consideration. Breeding is being done in the hope to copy some good characteristics of a specific breed and pass it onto another breed. Open Learn believes that if you will breed two dogs with the same traits, passing the said trait is higher. However, in some cases, negative characteristics care also passed on to the cross-breed pups. In the case of a German Shepherd Dalmatian mix, their medical condition is one of the negative traits that each parent might pass on to their offspring such as: Congenital deafness is common in GSDs High risk of developing bladder stone Heart enlargement is common among large dogs Skin allergy High risk of developing obesity With No Demand for German Shepherd Dalmatian Mix, What Are Your Options? Because of the possible medical issues that a German Shepmatian can have, breeders, are not too excited about this breed. Allshepherd revealed that there is little or zero demand for this mix. If you still prefer a cross-breed with GSD or Dalmatian as a parent, here are popular mix breeds to choose from. Pitmation Pitbull Dalmatian mix — do you want a tiny cute Pitbull with dots on its body? Try looking for a Pitmation. You can find some spots on its legs based on the image of K9ofmine. Dalmador Labrador Dalmatian mix — this is one of the most popular mixes out there for a Dal. These two dogs have common traits and body size too hence breeding them is easier than compared to other dog breeds. Combine its genes with the strong and powerful German Shepherd and you got one fine soldier to guard you and your home. Shollie Collie German Shepherd mix — brave, easy to train, and a great companion — this is what a Shollie is. Expect it to have that thick and long hair that sheds every day. Rottweiler Shepherd Rottweiler German Shepherd mix — in the image provided by K9ofmine , you will have a dog with a German Shepherd body and a face of a Rottweiler. Get a Dalmatian — want a family pet that can accompany your kids while you are doing some stuff? Get a German Shepherd — GSDs are considered as one of the best house dogs in the world according to PetsWorld because of its intelligence and calm nature. Just make sure to train it as early as possible to control its temperament. A German Shepmatian is a good-looking pet companion that you can bring wherever you go. It mirrors strength and power. However, since both breeds are susceptible to common medical conditions, the chance to have a pup with aggravated hip dysplasia, gall bladder issue or skin problem should also be considered. Plus, the diet of these two dogs is very different hence taking care of a German Shepmatian pup requires serious attention. It is important to note that purebred Dalmatian breeds cannot tolerate high amounts of protein well, but German Shepherds can. This makes it essential to find a balance between the two requirements. This means a certified raw food diet if recommended by a veterinarian nutritionist can be a good source of food for them. Kibble mixes may contain too many carbohydrates that will not be beneficial to their health. Ultimately, too many carbs in the Dalmatian German Shepherd diets can cause digestive issues and is a cause of yeast infections in the German Shepherds. Dalmatian German Shepherd Mix Exercise Dalmatian German Shepherds are extremely intelligent and active dogs that need lots of space to let out their energy. This includes daily walks, a large open-spaced garden, and human interaction through toys such as tug of war. It is common for Dalmatian German Shepherds to go through an energetic period throughout the day where they will around the garden in an attempt to relieve some of their energy. They also enjoy playing chase with other large dog breeds and walks are known to be their favorite time of the day. If you enjoy going on runs yourself, you can even take your Dalmatian German Shepherd with you on a lead to run as well. Many owners who cycle will also tie the lead around the bike and cycle a short distance with this dog breed. As they get older, their activity levels will decrease, and they will sleep for longer periods. Since Dalmatians are prone to obesity and arthritis, it is important to keep them active alongside a healthy diet. They can learn tricks quite easily like lie down, give paw, rollover. There are also many tasks you can teach this dog breed, such as fetching the newspaper or even bringing the ball back after you throw it. Dalmatian German Shepherds rarely acquire behavior issues, but if it is inhibiting your ability to train your dog, then you should call a canine behavioralist to help you with the situation. They have various coat layers and are shed regularly. This makes them undesirable dogs for families with fur allergies or for families that do not want a dog that sheds through every season. This dog breed should be brushed regularly, ideally once a day. They should also be bathed every few months with a gentle shampoo to get rid of dirt and debris that accumulates on their fur. Take care not to bathe them too often as this removes the natural oils their fur needs to remain healthy and shiny. Various coat supplements can contribute to a healthier coat and skin which can help control shedding. A post shared by Jessica Lynn jessikuhlihn Health and Conditions Dalmatian German Shepherds may be strong and sturdy dogs, but this does not limit the number of health conditions they can develop. If kept healthy, this dog breed does not fall ill easily. If your Dalmatian German Shepherd does fall ill, it is crucial to take them to the vet right away. Minor Conditions. It will likely be leaner if it predominantly takes after the Dalmatian parent or stockier if it takes its physique from its GSD parent. Coat Having a Dalmatian parent does not always lead to spotted offspring. A Dalmatian x GSD cross can take after either parent and even puppies from the same litter can appear dramatically different from one another. Pups of this cross can either have the short and dense coat of the Dalmatian or the medium-to-long double coat of the German Shepherd. A cross that takes its coat after the GSD parent will need more frequent bathing and brushing, and will likely blow off their coats twice a year. Their ears will also need more attention if they take after their Dalmatian parent. Unlike the GSD, which has large upright ears, Dalmatians have large floppy ears, which need to be checked frequently and dried thoroughly after every bath. A German Shepherd Dalmatian mix will undoubtedly be strong and athletic. In terms of bite force, the GSD has a pretty serious bite at psi. Speed A Dalmatian-German Shepherd mix will undoubtedly be quick on their feet, especially given the heritage of both parents as working dogs. German Shepherds are already known to be fast runners. German Shepherds run at speeds of approximately 32 miles per hour. However, the leaner bodies of Dalmatians enable them to run even faster at about 37 miles per hour. Apart from speed, you can expect a GSD-Dalmatian cross to have incredible agility and stamina. This makes them potentially good working dogs or companion dogs for active humans. Exercise Requirement Given the energy levels of both its parents, the German Shepherd Dalmatian mix will undoubtedly need plenty of exercise. At least one hour of physical work per day is ideal for these dogs. Additionally, they should have ample space to roam independently so they can build their confidence on their own. The intelligence levels of both the GSD and the Dalmatian also signal that a cross between the two will likely need plenty of mental stimulation. These dogs will thrive with plenty of training and opportunities to work their brains. Otherwise, they could quickly develop some destructive behaviors. Trainability German Shepherds are among the smartest working dog breeds in the world. In fact, it ranks 3rd and shares this tier of intelligence with breeds like the Border Collie, Poodle, Golden Retriever, and Doberman. At this level, dogs are expected to learn new commands in fewer than five tries. At this level, they may take up to 25 repetitions to master a command. No matter which of the two parents a crossbreed will take after, however, it is expected to be highly trainable with a good work ethic and a strong eagerness to please. These dogs are good-natured and adaptable to almost every kind of environment. However, a lot depends on its training and socialization. When properly socialized—ideally during puppyhood—these dogs are not only stable but also playful, loyal, and affectionate. Health Like most large dogs, the Dalmatian-German Shepherd mutt might be prone to hip dysplasia. However, national breed clubs require their breeding stock to be tested for such issues. If both parents of a mutt are from reputable breeders, the crossbreed puppy should be perfectly healthy. Lifespan The lifespan of a German Shepherd-Dalmatian cross is expected to be between 11 to 14 years old, which is based on the typical lifespan of both its parents. Given that mixed breeds are less likely to suffer from certain genetic conditions , however, it is likely that the GSD-Dalmatian mix will live close to the higher end of the range. However, such crosses can still participate in certain AKC-hosted canine competitions, including Obedience, Agility, Rally, and Tracking. How popular is the German Shepherd x Dalmatian mix? That makes the German Shepherd Dalmatian mix pretty rare. It would be difficult to find reputable breeders that specialize in this crossbreed as these pups are often the result of accidental mating. Nevertheless, there are still proponents of the Dalmatian x German Shepherd mix. They believe that purposely crossing the two breeds results in beautiful, healthy, and vibrant dogs. When trained properly, they are also excellent working dogs. Just like the Australian Shepherd and Dutch Shepherd , they tend to be incredibly intelligent and energetic, so, they thrive in households that give them plenty of opportunities for physical exercise and mental stimulation. Bernard German Shepherd mix! Photo: Instagram The Dalmatian German Shepherd mix borrows a decent amount of its physical appearance from both parent breeds. If your Shepherd Dalmatian inherits more of its Dalmatian parent, it will likely have a smooth coat and black spots. The German Shepmatian will adopt the face shape of either parent breed they have a similar face shape, to begin with , though it will likely have the floppy ears of the Dalmatian. Are you looking for a way to treat your furry friend? Sign up for our newsletter for a chance to win a free month of Barkbox! Subscribe By subscribing, you agree to get emails from myk9life. We'll respect your privacy and you can unsubscribe any time. We can glean a lot from what we know about the Dalmatian and German Shepherd breeds. Both are European dog breeds, with the Dalmatian being an older breed by a few centuries. It may even have been a result of an accidental mating. The History of the Dalmatian The history of the Dalmatian is thought to stretch back to the 14th century, with the first written account of the Dalmatian coming in , when a Slovenian Bishop mentioned a spotted hunting dog from the Croatian region of Dalmatia in his writings. Later paintings and documented descriptions of the Dalmatian stretch back to the 17th and 18th centuries. It was referred to as Dalmatian in by Thomas Pennant, a Welsh naturalist and travel writer. As time wore on and society became more egalitarian, Dalmatians found themselves used in different roles, primarily as working dogs — either war dogs during the First and Second World Wars or as firefighting dogs — escorting firefighting apparatus. They are also competent hunting dogs due to their energy levels. Much of their early American history is as fire station mascots, although they are now firmly beloved family pets. Dalmatians in the United States began their time in North America as firehouse dogs and hunting companions due to their high capacity for intense physical exercise. However, the Dalmatian has since transitioned from a working dog to a firm family companion. They sometimes suffer from separation anxiety, which can lead to destructive behaviors. Dalmatians typically do better with experienced dog owners and are not recommended for the elderly due to their size and exercise requirements. How Did Dalmatians Come About? However, we do have first-hand accounts from a Slovenian bishop — Peter — that tells of a black and white-haired dog with spots on its body that he observed in the Dalmatia region of Croatia. We also have illustrations from the 17th century that provide a picture of the Dalmatian, but there is not much by way of cynological history to go on. The history of crossbreeding of the Dalmatian is more elusive than the history of the Dalmatian itself! But the when, where, how, why and by whom remains elusive. Crossbreeding dogs in the United States became very popular in the s and early s, having been introduced into the canine culture of the country in the s. The Dalmatian and its various mixed-breed offspring were likely bred during that time. A German man, ex-cavalry Captain Max von Stephanitz, first purchased it. Stephanitz was a former German cavalry officer, a farmer, and a former veterinary college student. Captain von Stephanitz needed a highly intelligent breed that could do tireless physical activity for his farmland. While at a dog show, on the hunt for the perfect breed, he noticed a dog that he thought would fit the mold. Thirty years later, the Society for German Shepherd dogs had more than 50, members. The modern history of the German Shepherd maintains its workhorse nature, as the GSD has been used routinely in military and police functions, owing much of that to its size and strength and its notoriety as a highly intelligent breed. German Shepherds are among the most popular dog breeds in the United States, ranking in most popular dog breeds in the United States, routinely ranking inside the top ten. Because of their need for moderate daily exercise, the GSD is often viewed as one of the best family dogs if the family is active. German Shepherds are also natural guardians — like their Dalmatian mix — another notch in the column for the perfect family pet. The German Shepherd was first called Horand von Grafath and was purchased by Max von Stephanitz from a dog show in .German Shepherds are often bred to breed standards, and crossbreeding of GSDs is far less prevalent in Europe than in the United States. However, German Shepherd crossbreeds do happen, like the German Shepmatian. One of the most important parts of owning a dog is researching beforehand. Part of this research into your new potential dog will be its temperament. Like the Dalmatian puppy, active puppies and dogs will require an active, outdoorsy family with plenty of room to grow as they mature. The German Shepmatian will likely adopt different parts of the temperament of its parent breeds — including some negative traits, such as separation anxiety and possible aggression if not adequately socialized — commonly found in German Shepherds. You can expect your Dalmatian German Shepherd mix to have a highly energetic temperament, possibly with a high prey drive. Still, they generally make excellent family pets if properly trained and socialized from an early age. German Shepmatians are known to be wonderfully friendly animals, with both parent breeds being friendly dogs, producing an even-tempered mixed breed. As individual breeds, the Dalmatian and the German Shepherd are very used to intensive training and command-following, so you can expect your German Shepmatian to be equally easy to train. Be aware that until adequately trained , your German Shepherd Dalmatian mix may exhibit some destructive behaviors associated with separation anxiety. However, German Shepherds and Dalmatians are incredibly intelligent breeds, so they should pick up on training quickly. The average weight of a German Shepmatian is 60 to 80 pounds. The average height of a Dalmatian German Shepherd mix is between 22 and 26 inches tall. Similar Sized Breeds The German Shepherd Dalmatian mix is a large breed similar in size to a few different, including both their parent breeds. You can expect your Dalmatian German Shepherd mix to be a heavy-shedding dog. Dalmatians are single-coated dogs and shed moderately, while German Shepherds have two coats and shed heavily. Regarding exercise, the Dalmatian German Shepherd mix is among the most energetic dogs. The Dalmatian German Shepherd mix requires at least 45 minutes of exercise each day, including at least one day of off-leash running, fetching, or hiking on the weekends. It helps maintain a healthy weight, along with various other health benefits. The life expectancy of a Shepherd Dalmatian is between 10 and 12 years. Positive reinforcement is used to discipline and train these dogs because of how sensitive they can be. A German Shepherd Dalmatian Mix responsiveness depends in large part on whether or not it was properly socialized as a puppy; this means interacting with different people and animals during childhood development which builds psychological stability for life. Its tail is also medium-sized and may be thick or slim, depending on your preference in terms of style. This is a breed with an assortment of coat colors and shedding. With both short or medium coats, you can have black-colored dogs that will shed just as much as their longer-haired counterparts. However, this breed may possess liver spots across their chests while others might be covered entirely by dark fur instead. The markings on this dog are more distinguishable and are even inside its mouth. If you want to have the best of both worlds, then a German shepherd crossed with a dalmatian might be your perfect match. Fortunately, for you though they have a variety in their coats. They stand around inches tall when standing on their hind legs and they can range from small dogs less than 40lbs up to large sizes depending on many factors like diet choices. They have an average life expectancy of around years long when cared for properly which makes these adorable creatures perfect as family pets. This high-energy dog can be loyal, alert, and energetic with an unmatched intelligence level. It loves running or swimming beside its owner. In addition, it will love engaging in destructive behaviors like digging up your yard if not exercised enough. With such high energy levels that are matched only by its loyalty towards humankind. The German Shepherd Dalmatian Mix is perfect for any family. It will thrive in a kind environment where it can feel safe from strangers with open paws. If you are looking for even-tempered dogs that will thrive in an environment where kindness reigns supreme then look no further than German Shepherd Dalmatian Mix who has been bred specifically just like us: loyal kiddos full of intelligence waiting patiently on your every command. Daily brushing will help keep up a healthy coat, but even more so bathing sessions should be kept at around three per year because frequent bathing can lead to excessively dry skin that may result in allergies for some dog owners who are sensitive about this issue. You might be wondering how a German Shepherd Dalmatian Mix likes to get clean. As the pup grows up and becomes more active with its newfound freedom in your home; let them come across lots of other pets or people to get acquainted with too. Happy to get Trained: German Shepherd Dalmatian Mix have been known for their intelligence and easy trainability, but this does not mean they always work out. Is the German Shepherd Dalmatian Mix fine to own? This German Shepherd Dalmatian Mix breed is a brilliant and faithful pet. If you want to have an active lover for your house then this mix would be perfect! Final Thoughts: The German Shepherd Dalmatian Mix is a gentle and loving breed that can never be matched with its candied characters. The needs of this breed are suppressed by giving it all the love in your heart, so you will not regret it for one second. Just take care of them well enough for their temperament; these dogs will not let you down. Post navigation. Panda, Tan, Sable, Black, White, Spotted, Mottled Suitable for: Active families or individuals looking for strong, energetic working breed dogs Temperament: Intelligent, active, loyal, affectionate, eager to please The German Shepherd Dalmatian Mix is a relatively new designer breed, and its exact origin is unknown. However, we can gain insights into its characteristics by understanding the parent breeds. German Shepherds are renowned for their intelligence, protective nature, and versatility as working dogs. Dalmatians, on the other hand, are recognized for their distinctive coat pattern, elegance, and endurance. By combining these two breeds, breeders aim to create a companion that possesses the best of both worlds. When it comes to physical attributes, the German Shepherd Dalmatian Mix often inherits the athletic build and strong frame of its parent breeds. Their coats can vary, ranging from short to medium in length, and they commonly display the striking black and white spots characteristic of Dalmatians. However, some individuals may exhibit a blend of colors or patterns, showcasing the unpredictability of crossbreeding. Dogs that are harder to train will require a bit more patience and practice. Proper exercise, nutrition, and hygiene also play an important role in the lifespan of your pet. More social dogs have a tendency to run up to strangers for pets and scratches, while less social dogs shy away and are more cautious, even potentially aggressive. While they may not be as prevalent as purebred German Shepherds or Dalmatians, these crossbreeds can be found through reputable breeders or adoption centers. Remember to conduct thorough research and select a responsible breeder who prioritizes the health and well-being of their dogs. Welcoming a German Shepherd Dalmatian Mix puppy into your home requires careful preparation. These energetic and intelligent pups thrive in environments that provide mental and physical stimulation. Providing a dedicated space, ample exercise opportunities, and proper socialization from an early age are key factors in raising a happy and well-adjusted dog. They are known for their loyalty, protectiveness, and intelligence. These dogs form strong bonds with their families and are often considered excellent guard dogs. With their keen sense of awareness, they possess a natural instinct to protect their loved ones and their territory. Their intelligence, coupled with a willingness to please, makes them highly trainable. They excel in obedience training, and with proper guidance, they can learn an impressive array of commands and tasks. Mental stimulation is crucial for these intelligent breeds to prevent boredom and destructive behavior. Engaging them in activities such as puzzle toys, obedience training, and agility courses will help keep their minds sharp and focused. Are These Dogs Good for Families? Their loyalty and affectionate nature make them excellent companions, especially for households with children. Their protective instincts can manifest in a gentle and watchful manner, making them excellent playmates and guardians for children. Although these dogs are generally good with children, proper supervision is still important to prevent any unwanted accidents when interacting with children. Early socialization and training is also still necessary, as with any dog, to ensure a harmonious relationship between the dog and the child. The compatibility of the German Shepherd Dalmatian Mix with other pets largely depends on their socialization and upbringing. With proper introductions and early exposure to other animals, they can live harmoniously with cats, other dogs, and small pets. Early socialization is crucial to prevent any potential dominance or aggression issues. Supervised interactions, positive reinforcement, and gradual introductions can help foster a peaceful coexistence between the German Shepherd Dalmatian Mix and other pets in the household! Providing high-quality dog food that is appropriate for their age, size, and activity level is crucial. Consult with your veterinarian to determine the optimal diet for your specific dog. It is important to note that the dietary requirements of each individual may vary. Factors such as age, activity level, metabolism, and any existing health conditions should be considered when determining portion sizes and frequency of meals. Regular monitoring of their weight and adjustment of their diet as necessary will help maintain their optimal body condition. Daily physical activity is essential to prevent boredom, destructive behaviors, and potential weight gain. Engaging in activities such as long walks, runs, fetch, and obedience training sessions will help them burn off excess energy. Mental stimulation is equally important, so consider incorporating puzzle toys, scent work, or obedience exercises into their routine. Providing them with a sense of purpose and a job to do will help channel their intelligence and energy in a positive direction. With their intelligence and willingness to please, they are highly trainable and enjoy the mental challenge that training provides. Early socialization and obedience training are particularly important to shape their behavior and ensure they grow into well-mannered adults. Positive reinforcement methods , such as rewards and praise, work best with this breed. They respond well to consistent training techniques and thrive in environments where boundaries and expectations are clearly defined. Enrolling in puppy classes or working with a professional dog trainer can be highly beneficial for both you and your dog. If they inherit the coat of the German Shepherd, regular brushing will help keep their coat in good condition and minimize shedding. If they inherit the coat of the Dalmatian, more frequent brushing may be necessary to prevent matting and tangling. Regular nail trims, ear cleaning, and dental care are important aspects of their grooming routine. It is also recommended to establish a dental hygiene regimen, such as regular tooth brushing, to maintain their oral health. Minor Conditions.

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golden retriever puppies for sale ky - If you click and purchase, we may receive a small commission at no extra cost to you. Most importantly, Goldendoodles do not come cheap , so we urge you to not fall for breeders who claim to sell their Goldendoodle puppies at a much lower price than other breeders. Reputable breeders spend a lot of time, money, and energy to produce healthy new litters. The growing popularity of this adorable hybrid breed has attracted countless puppy mills and Doodle scammers. Although puppy mills might tempt you with prices way below average and the immediate availability of dogs, you should avoid them at all costs. More often than not, puppy mills often use unhealthy parent dogs to produce new litters, while keeping both parents and puppies in horrific conditions. The dogs are often malnourished, kept in dirty environments, or even tortured. Naturally, your goal should be to not support any unethical breeders. As we briefly mentioned, ethical breeders take great pride in producing healthy litters from healthy parent dogs. One of the factors responsible for the high price of adopting a Goldendoodle puppy is that genetic and health testing does come at a certain cost. But why is it so important? Genetic testing ensures that the parent dogs do not have any defective genes , which might be carried onto the puppies. Another thing you should check is whether a breeder offers a health guarantee for their puppies. Most commonly, reputable breeders offer a two-year health guarantee, which covers all genetic health conditions that the parents have been tested for. You might also want to do some additional research on Good Dog , which focuses on reputable breeders in the US. These organizations closely check if the breeder is meeting their highest standards of health and genetic testing. However, not all breeders are affiliated or certified by the organizations we mentioned above. On the other hand, if a breeder claims to do health and genetic testing with or without any certifications and affiliations, always ask to see proof. Look for online reviews on forums and dedicated online communities, like here at Doodle Doods. Check with your friends and neighbors to see if any of them have past experience with certain breeders. Additionally, reputable breeders do not have anything to hide, and most of them will gladly put you in touch with their past customers. Although all of the Goldendoodle breeders in Massachusetts featured in this article are highly rated, we urge you to do your own due diligence. MA Doodles One of the highest rated Goldendoodle breeders in MA, this breeder upholds exceptional breeding standards to produce healthy new litters. Yes, you read it right, they also breed Mini Goldendoodles in Massachusetts! What Makes This Breeder Unique? All GANA certified Goldendoodle breeders follow the highest standards of genetic and health testing of the parent dogs. This ensures the health and future wellbeing of the new litters. Waitlist: Yes. At American Goldendoodle we take pride in hand raising our puppies. We have been breeding for 30 years and are people that you can count on! We raise our Goldendoodle puppies by hand the old fashioned way and not in a kennel facility. Whether it be frolicking on our expansive lawns, romping in our frog pond or walks in our woodlands with us. Our Goldendoodle puppies have the benefit of growing up in the fresh air of our private countryside estate. This makes for a sweet, laid back Goldendoodle puppy who is already used to living in a home and is well socialized and loving. They are the heart of our home! Com Here's to a Great ! Meet Maureen and Her 3 Certified American Goldendoodles "The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched - they must be felt with the heart. Many of our pups have been trained as Certified Service Dogs. Read more here. I want to update you that 3 of our American Goldendoodles are certified service dogs. Our first Goldendoodle signals me because I read lips. My brain tumor has left me totally deaf. I have hearing aids and a machine, but it is still not enough. She also assists me with my walker and knows when I am in danger and pushes my walker to my seat for me. She pulls me along when my strength is limited. This amazing Goldendoodle worked hard with me as a team to get me out of my wheelchair. Besides servicing me we volunteer at assisted living facilities, visit hospitals and assist children who have difficulty reading out loud. We also have twin goldendoodles who are also your babies and certified. Make no mistake, it is their first beginning home with you and good genes that brings us joy everyday with new adventures. My Veterinarian always comments about their health and beautiful disposition. We are a team that took me beyond any of my expectations. Anyone interested please buy from the best, American Goldendoodles. I am now on a walker and my wheelchair sits in my garage because of your loving American Goldendoodles! She is doing what she is meant to do and is the person she is meant to be. Maureen, we are all blessed because of you! Recently, someone shared their fondest childhood memory of receiving a puppy as the single most important and cherished memory of their childhood. Growing up with an American Goldendoodle puppy can be very healthy and fulfilling for the whole family! We wish you the Comfort and Joy that a new wonderful American Goldendoodle family member will bring! As always we are here for you now and throughout the year! We love our pups! They bring so much love and joy into our lives. My chores become my play, I sing and I laugh. I have Great Joy because of my dogs! They are a wonderful gift and help us through illness and sorrow. They are My Heart! Thank You God for allowing me to have their peace and pleasure and may I share that with those that love and appreciate them as much! Meet Some of Our Loving Parents. We have made a list of the best breeders in the state that will give you your dream Mini Goldendoodle puppy. Keep reading to learn more. Mini Goldendoodles are loving, intelligent, and non-aggressive dogs that are an excellent addition to any dog-loving family. However, finding a reputable breeder for these playful and social dogs can be difficult. Therefore, you can be sure of getting your desired puppy as soon as possible. They offer various sizes of Goldendoodles, including Mini, Standard, and Medium Goldendoodle puppies. Since PuppySpot is a network of several breeders, you will hardly be on a long puppy waitlist. The process of buying a puppy is also easy. They have a website where you can view some of the Mini Goldendoodles dogs on sale. You can pick your desired dog by generation, price, coat color, gender, or size. Once you find your desired Mini Goldendoodle puppy, you can proceed to buy it. They also ship their puppies. This means they will fly it out to you if the puppy you want is not located in the state. To become a breeder and work with them, you must pass a point inspection. The inspection includes being registered and licensed by the state. PuppySpot is our top pick because you do not have to wait for a Mini Goldendoodle puppy. You can also pick the exact puppy you want. This will save you time from interviewing many breeders. They are passionate about dogs and treat them as part of their family. They believe this makes them even better family companions. Morningstar Goldendoodles teach their Mini Goldendoodles to be kind and sweet by keeping them in the family until they are ready to be sold out. They pride themselves on taking time to prepare their pets for their permanent homes. All adult dogs bred to get the Goldendoodle puppies are family members. They are house-trained, obedience-trained, and kind to everyone. They do this to ensure that their puppies in Massachusetts also have similar personalities and temperaments. Their breeding dogs are also fully genetically tested to ensure they do not pass along any conditions. They are also kept up-to-date on all shots. Therefore, you can be sure of getting a healthy and quality Mini Goldendoodle puppy from them. If you buy a puppy from them, they will provide you with all the necessary information about your new canine friend. They will also answer all questions about their dogs and services. Morningstar Goldendoodles Massachusetts Details. We specialize in breeding Mini Goldendoodles as well as a few other breeds. We also have partnered up with several other high quality breeders that raise mini goldendoodle pups that meet our strict genetic criteria and testing. So we usually have a good selection of very high quality puppies. View Our Available Puppies! Not all mini Goldendoodles are equal, there are a few different versions to choose from each having a little different genetic background based on the pups parents. We will explain all the differences in Mini Goldendoodle puppies and how they are bred below. We raise all versions of the mini goldendoodle breed. F1 Mini Goldendoodle Pups. A F1 puppy is also known as a First Generation puppy. The puppies mother is a Golden Retriever and the pups dad is a Mini Poodle. This version of mini goldendoodle usually has soft wavy or curly puppy fur. They will shed until they lose their puppy fur, after shedding they will shed a lot less, but will shed. This version is partially hypoallergenic and usually requires low maintenance. F1 mini goldendoodles usually need to be groomed every 6 months along with daily brushing to keep their curly hair from matting and getting tangled. The dogs usually grow up having great temperaments similar to golden retrievers. They usually get about inches high at the shoulder and range in weight from pounds. F1b Mini Goldendoodle Pups. An F1b is known as a second-generation mini goldendoodle with the pups mother being already an F1 Goldendoodle and the pups dad being a mini poodle also. So the difference between F1 and F1b is that the mom is not a golden retriever but an actual F1 Goldendoodle. They also have very soft curly hair but with almost no shedding. This F1b version is semi-hypoallergenic and a better choice for anyone who has pet allergies. The F1b also should be brushed on a daily basis but will need to be groomed more frequently then a F1. A 6 to 8 week grooming schedule is recommended to keep their coat in perfect condition. F1b Mini goldendoodles get around 18 to 20 inches tall at the shoulders and range between pounds in weight. F1bb Mini Goldendoodle Pups. An F1bb goldendoodle is also known as a third-generation mini goldendoodle. This mini goldendoodle version has a coat more similar to a poodle than of a golden retriever. This is because the pup is more of a poodle than a retriever. Making it the very best version for anyone with pet allergies. A 6 to 8 week grooming schedule is required to help prevent knots or matting. This version is super intelligent and loving, and usually seems to have more energy than the other versions of Mini goldendoodles. This version is usually smaller in size, weighing around pounds and only getting inches tall at the shoulders. The smaller size makes them a great size for smaller homes and apartments. So if you live near Southwick Massachusetts and are looking for a healthy and beautiful Mini Goldendoodle puppy then checkout our available pups now by Clicking Here. Below are some Mini Goldendoodle Pups that have been adopted! Look no further than a Mini Goldendoodle! This adorable designer breed, a cross between a Golden Retriever and a Miniature Poodle, is known for its low-shedding coat, playful personality, and intelligence. We are passionate about breeding and raising the highest quality Mini Goldendoodles. Our puppies are carefully bred by high-quality parents, with a focus on health, temperament, and conformation. We work with reputable breeders in the area to ensure that our puppies are well-socialized and up-to-date on vaccinations. Each puppy comes with a health guarantee that our puppies are free of hereditary defects to the best of our knowledge. Our puppies have a one-year warranty against life-threatening genetic defects and debilitating diseases. Mini Goldendoodles are great with children and other pets, and their low-shedding coat makes them a good choice for people with allergies. They also have a moderate energy level and are easy to train, making them an excellent choice for first-time dog owners. They are also great for people living in condos and apartments as they are adaptable to small living spaces and do not require a lot of outdoor space. We understand that choosing a new pet is a big decision. We are here to provide you with all the information and support you need to ensure your new puppy is a happy and healthy family member. Please look at our available Mini Goldendoodle puppies for sale in Boston, and feel free to contact us with any questions. We look forward to helping you find your new best friend! We only work with breeders who breed on their property! We never work with puppy mills! Puppies come from our breeders directly to our home, where we care for the litter until they are homed. We believe Goldendoodles and doodles are awesome! We love helping people find the perfect new addition to their families. We enjoy a reputation as a kind and caring small business. To learn more check out our reviews on our facebook page, and google reviews. Goldendoodles are a designer breed that is part Golden Retriever, part Poodle. A first Generation F1 Goldendoodle is half golden retriever, half poodle. Deeper generations involve crossing a Goldendoodle back to the parent breed. An F1B Goldendoodle consists of a Goldendoodle crossed with a poodle. These are generally hypoallergenic and non-shedding. Goldendoodles are gentle and affectionate dogs with an easy-going temperament. They are extremely intelligent, friendly, and easy to train. According to the Goldendoodle Association of North America, they rank in the top 5 most intelligent dogs. The golden retriever ranks 4 and Poodle 2 on most intelligent dog list. They are also very social. Hypoallergenic and Low to Non-Shedding. Hypoallergenic means, below-average allergy causing symptoms. Some people are allergic to pet dander. Pet dander consists of specks of skin that are released from dogs that shed. This can cause allergies in some people. Symptoms would include, a runny nose, sneezing, coughing, itchy eyes, and skin irritation on humans. Because Goldendoodles are a mixed breed, the poodle genes limit any dander that would normally be released from a golden retriever. Kristina began raising puppies before we were married and loved it so much that she kept doing so after we were married. Now we all help with the puppies and the kids love playing with the pups every day. This makes for friendly puppies who like people and are good with kids. We are now a five-star classified breeder who has served many happy puppy parents. We hope you can become one of them! She will always answer your calls and answer all of your questions so well and patiently. We purchased our gorgeous cavapoo Henry … More Mr. Ian 2 weeks ago and we could not be happier. He is the first puppy that I have ever met who slept in the crate on the very first night without crying. He sleeps through the night for hours and has not had one accident in his crate. He is calm and lovable and extremely social. Clinton and Kristina did an amazing job at socializing him. He is the sweetest little cavapoo boy! His addition to my life has been such an amazing experience. My vet gave him a good bill of health upon arrival. Any questions I had while working together, they were very helpful and patient. Overall, it was a wonderful experience to get Archie to his forever home. I have zero regrets about my decision, and who would have know that a puppy could really help improve my daily life. I would recommend anyone to purchase their pup from hopeful dreams. We brought home our sweet cockapoo puppy last week and are amazed at how well behaved she is. It is clear that the … More Martin family takes great care of their puppies. Already planning on getting a second puppy from them in the future! Check out some of our favorite Mini Goldendoodle Puppies ready and waiting for their new forever home…. Welcome to the Massachusetts state page on TrustedPuppies. Renowned for its rich history, picturesque landscapes, and prestigious educational institutions, Massachusetts is a fantastic place to find and raise your new Mini Goldendoodle companion. Our mission is to connect you with the best Massachusetts Mini Goldendoodle breeders and puppies for sale. Our site features a wide variety of reputable MA breeders who specialize in raising healthy and happy puppies. Our breeders are committed to raising the highest quality puppies. They provide their puppies with all the necessary vaccinations and veterinary checkups to ensure they are in the best of health before they go to their forever homes. They also provide ongoing support and advice to ensure a smooth transition for both you and your new furry friend. Discover the vibrant dog-friendly scene in Massachusetts, featuring inviting restaurants, spacious dog parks, and engaging dog shows. For those passionate about dog shows, events like the Bay Colony Dog Show provide an opportunity to appreciate the elegance and charm of Mini Goldendoodle canines while connecting with fellow enthusiasts. Ranking 22nd in dog ownership among the states, Massachusetts is home to an estimated 1 million dogs. At TrustedPuppies. Most of our reputable Mini Goldendoodle breeders provide safe and affordable flight delivery, complete with a dedicated flight nanny who accompanies your new pup throughout their journey, ensuring their safety and comfort as they travel to their new home in Massachusetts. Many breeders also offer affordable vehicle delivery, utilizing specialized pet delivery services. This option allows your Mini Goldendoodle puppy to be transported directly to your door by a professional who understands the unique requirements of pet transportation. Begin your search for the perfect Mini Goldendoodle puppy on TrustedPuppies. This breeder is awesome. She is professional, caring and accommodating. Our Sunny is a wonderful companion, loving and affectionate. True to her breed. The best dog I've ever had! Sandra Lefdahl Takes wonderful care of her moms and pups. A breeder that truly cares and loves what she does. So helpful! Google rating score: 4. They are very smart, and have a great personality. They are easy to train and make great family pets. They love everyone. Goldendoodles became popular in .Goldendoodles come in many colors , sizes and coat types. Melissa will help guide you to the goldendoodle of your dream. We specialize in abstract , parti or merle colors. We love our flashy doodles. Many of our goldendoodles that have been for sale have gone on to live in Boston Massachusetts. We offer our goldendoodles for sale in Massachusetts. The sizes we specialize in are Mini Goldendoodles. Mini Goldendoodle are at home in Massachusetts apartments or family homes. Our Goldendoodle parents are screened for genetic health issues. The goldendoodle pups that are for sale in Massachusetts will be microchipped, Current on vaccines, dewormed ,and sold with warranty up to 2yrs. When you pick up or have delivered to Massachusetts your goldendoodle will come with a leash, blanket, chew toy, treats and pawTree Gastro Pro Plus. We request you to feel out our applications. Upon approval of your application you will be asked to submit a .Once the application fee is received you will be placed on the waiting list. The rest of the process to get one of our pups to you is after they are born you lock in a pup with a .The order deposits are received is the order we go on for picking your fur baby. If you are not able to pick up a puppy in person we offer facetime, video and pictures to make selection. We do offer ground shipping or flight nanny service to Massachusetts.

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golden retriever puppies for sale ky - Rabies Vaccine Rabies is a viral infection caused by a virus secreted in the saliva. According to the Humane Society , because the infection affects the nervous system, most rabid animals behave abnormally. When should puppies get rabies shots? Generally speaking, puppies should get their first rabies shot around 16 weeks of age and again between years old. Rabies Vaccine Schedule for Puppies 1st shot: weeks Booster: every 3 years Non-core Vaccines Non-core vaccines are important, but they are considered optional for dogs with less risk of infection. Non-core vaccines are recommended based on lifestyle and where you live or travel. Bordetella Bordetella bronchiseptica is a bacterium associated with respiratory disease in dogs and is known to cause the most severe form of kennel cough. Symptoms of an upper respiratory infection include nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, congestion, etc. Some veterinarians may recommend Bordetella as a core vaccine for puppies based on their living environment, especially for social dogs who spend time in areas where they might come into contact with the bacteria like the dog park, boarding facilities, or doggy daycare. The vaccination can be given orally, intranasally, or by injection. Bordetella Vaccine Schedule for Puppies 1st shot: weeks Booster: every year Leptospira Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by infection of the genus Leptospira, which are found in water and soil. The zoonotic disease spreads easily from animals to humans and is more common in warm climate areas with high annual rainfall; the Leptospira vaccine may be considered core in these areas. Signs of leptospirosis may include shivering, fever, muscle tenderness, increased thirst, dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, jaundice, kidney failure, liver failure, etc. Leptospira Vaccine Schedule for Puppies 1st shot: weeks 3rd shot: 1 year Booster: every year There is also a 5-way vaccine known as DHLPP, which is a combination vaccine of distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, parainfluenza, and parvo. Lyme disease Lyme disease is caused by infection with the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi which is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. The most common symptoms in dogs include loss of appetite, lameness, joint swelling, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. More serious cases can also develop kidney complications. The Lyme disease vaccine is highly recommended for dogs that live in or frequently travel to areas known for Lyme disease, as well as those living in areas with a high risk of tick exposure. Lyme Vaccination Schedule for Puppies 1st shot: weeks 2nd shot: weeks later Booster: every year Canine Influenza Canine influenza, or dog flu, is a contagious viral infection affecting dogs. The virus is spread through aerosols or droplets containing respiratory secretions from barking, sneezing, and coughing. Dogs in close contact with infected dogs in places like daycare facilities, groomers, and kennels are at a higher risk of contracting the disease. CIV causes an acute respiratory infection in dogs, with the most common clinical sign being a cough that persists for up to 21 days. Vaccines are available for both H3N2 and H3N8 canine influenza. A bivalent vaccine offering protection against both strains is available as well. Dogs become infected when they swallow the parasite that may be present in water or other substances that have been soiled with feces leading to the disease Giardiasis. Giardia in dogs usually causes diarrhea, weight loss, or even death. Giardia is an available vaccine for puppies 8 weeks of age and older for 6 months of immunity against giardiasis. Most common symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. Young dogs are at a high risk of contracting the disease, so the vaccine is highly recommended for puppies under eight weeks. Rattlesnake vaccine A rattlesnake vaccine can help dogs build antibodies to rattlesnake venom from bites that are often deadly and severely painful to dogs. The antibodies work to neutralize the venom, thereby significantly extending the window of time you have to take your dog to the emergency room , increasing their odds of survival. Protect yourself from heartbreak without breaking the bank. Compare quotes to find the best deal for your budget. After that, puppies should receive a series of vaccines every two to four weeks until actual protein can be achieved between the ages of 6 and 20 weeks old. Your vet will determine a safe vaccine schedule for your puppy based on their weight, health, age, etc. Some pet parents prefer getting multiple puppy shots in one vet visit to minimize stress on their pet, whereas others prefer to spread the shots out to reduce possible side effects and soreness — talk to your vet to create a safe vaccine schedule that works for you and your puppy. Rabies depends on local laws but is usually given by the time your dog reaches 3 to 6 months old. When should puppies have all their shots by? Most vets prefer giving the final DHPP shot at 16 weeks or later; however, new recommendations suggest up to 20 weeks out. When do puppies need booster shots? Abstaining from booster shots can put your puppy at risk. However, not all vaccines require yearly boosters. DHPP vaccine booster: every two weeks for a total of three sets, then every three years Lepto, Canine influenza, and Lyme disease vaccine booster: one month after the initial series, then annually Bordetella booster: 1 year or every 6 months where there is a concern Rabies booster: every 1 to 3 years after the initial round, depending on state laws Puppy Vaccine Schedule There are several types of puppy shots your pet might get in their first year. In addition to a deworming schedule, your vet will suggest a vaccination schedule for puppies based on their age, environment, and medical history. Most vets recommend this general timeline for first-year puppy shots: weeks of age Between 6- and 8-weeks-old, puppies get their first shot of the DHPP distemper, hepatitis, parainfluenza, parvovirus vaccine. They might also receive their first round of vaccinations for Bordetella and Lyme disease. Leptospira Lepto is a common puppy vaccination administered around this time frame. They'll also get their first rabies vaccine depending on state-mandated vaccine schedules for puppies, as well as a second shot of the Lepto vaccine if applicable. Boosters Every Years Puppies will need a booster shot for all vaccines at age 1. Dogs need booster vaccinations for Bordetella, Lepto, Lyme, and Giardia annually receiving their first immunization as an adult. The vaccination schedule for DHPP and rabies is every 3 years, but check your local laws and defer to your veterinarian's advice to ensure your pet stays free of disease. How much are puppy shots? Non-essential vaccines your vet may recommend will also increase the price. Note that puppy shots cost more or less depending on several different factors, including your location. For instance, vets in crowded urban areas tend to charge more than vets in smaller towns and rural areas. Also keep in mind that you'll need to budget for booster shots in one- or three-year intervals to ensure your pet stays protected from disease. Fortunately, vaccines for dogs are less expensive than first-year puppy shots because boosters are administered in one dose every few years, as opposed to multiple doses every few weeks. All puppies need to get the core vaccines, i. Your veterinarian will consider the risk factors and advise you on which vaccines are best for your puppy during the first vet visit. No, but both vaccines for puppies are often combined in one shot. Distemper and parvovirus are two different illnesses that are potentially fatal if not treated quickly. What is the 5-in-1 shot for puppies? Do puppies need 3 or 4 sets of shots? It depends on their age; vets may recommend a shorter puppy vaccination schedule for dogs over 16 weeks old and not yet fully vaccinated. How many shots do puppies need before going outside? A titer test is a blood test showing whether your puppy has antibodies for a particular illness. The test can be used to determine the effectiveness of a vaccine and help determine if or which booster vaccines your dog needs. Most doggy daycares and boarding facilities do not accept a titer test in lieu of a puppy vaccination record. When should puppies get dewormed? Because worms are very common in puppies, veterinarians recommend deworming them for the first time when they're two to three weeks old. Is there a heartworm vaccine for puppies? Preventatives can either be administered as monthly medication or every six months by injection. How can you save money on puppy shots? One way to save money on puppy vaccines is by visiting a low-cost vaccination clinic. These clinics typically offer packages that combine a bundle of vaccinations into a lower price point, but also offer individual options if your dog is due for a specific vaccine. Another way to save money on puppy shots is by purchasing a pet wellness plan through a pet insurance provider. Do you want to find the best pet insurance? Let's analyze your pet's breed, age, and location to find the right coverage and the best savings. Analyze My Pet About Pawlicy Advisor The pet insurance marketplace endorsed by veterinarians, at Pawlicy Advisor we make buying the best pet insurance easier. What's the Cost of Dog Vaccinations? Here is a breakdown of the expenses by individual vaccination and state. Pet vaccinations start around 6 to 8 weeks of age, with doses given every two to four weeks until 16 weeks of age, which enables the puppy to make their own antibodies. Puppy vaccinations are customized to each pet depending on their current and expected lifestyle and needs. Core Vaccines Vaccines are broken down into core and non-core categories, based on disease severity and prevalence. Core vaccines are considered necessary for all pets because they protect against often-fatal diseases and help protect the community from outbreaks. Core vaccines for dogs include: Canine parvovirus vaccine : Canine parvo is highly contagious and attacks the gastrointestinal tract and immune system, leading to severe dehydration, systemic infection and shock. Most puppies will survive with treatment, but treatment requires intensive care, which can become costly. Distemper vaccine: Canine distemper virus attacks the nervous system and respiratory tract and is often fatal. Dogs who survive typically have permanent neurologic damage. Wildlife can carry and transmit the virus, serving as a reservoir of infection. Canine hepatitis vaccine: Canine infectious hepatitis , which is caused by an adenovirus, attacks liver cells and can cause secondary clotting problems or kidney disorders. The virus is prevalent in many wildlife species, such as raccoons and bats, and is transmitted through bite wounds. The rabies vaccine is extremely effective and is required by law to protect pets and humans from infection. What Is the 5-in-1 Vaccine? The 5-in-1 or 4-in-1 vaccine for dogs combines core vaccines into a single injection. Parvovirus, distemper, adenovirus and canine parainfluenza comprise the 4-in-1 vaccine; the 5-in-1 vaccine also includes protection against leptospirosis. Most veterinary clinics use the combination vaccine rather than the individual components to minimize the number of injections required. Optional Dog Vaccines Optional dog vaccines are also known as lifestyle or non-core vaccines because they are administered only to dogs at high risk for contracting each disease. Optional vaccines for dogs include: Bordetella vaccine: The Bordetella vaccine protects against the bacteria that commonly causes kennel cough and is recommended for dogs who spend time at dog parks, daycare, boarding kennels, dog sports or training classes. This vaccine does not completely prevent infection, but lessens infection severity and helps dogs recover faster. Canine influenza vaccine: Dogs at risk for Bordetella infection are also at risk for canine influenza , an airborne infection. The canine influenza vaccine does not completely prevent infection, but it can lessen disease severity, reducing the likelihood of complications, including pneumonia. Leptospirosis vaccine : Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that dogs can pick up from water sources contaminated with infected urine. Leptospirosis causes severe liver and kidney damage and can be fatal for some dogs. Vaccination provides effective immunity. Lyme disease vaccine: Ticks transmit Lyme disease , which is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. This vaccine is recommended for pets who spend time outdoors, and especially those who go hiking or camping with their owner. What's the Best Puppy Vaccination Schedule? Expect vet visits every few weeks until your puppy is at least 4 months old. Here is an overview of a typical puppy vaccination schedule. After the initial puppy vaccination series, adult dogs need vaccine boosters throughout their life. The first vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies to fight the targeted disease, while boosters help to reinforce this response. All vaccinations are boosted one year after the puppy series ends. Adult Dog Vaccination Schedule This table shows a typical booster schedule for adult dog vaccinations. Are Dog Vaccinations Required? Rabies vaccination is required by law and is regulated by individual states and counties. Each county legislature sets rabies control laws and rules. In contrast, the animal control department typically enforces these laws and works with local veterinarians to protect pets in their communities. No other dog vaccinations are required; however, the DAPP combination, which includes four core vaccines, is highly recommended to protect your pet and others in your community. You probably also have an inkling about the overall costs of owning a dog , but one primary aspect to always budget for is your dog's vaccination cost and their annual veterinary exams. After that, individual boosters will cost approximately the same but could be administered on a different cadence, depending on your dog's needs. Let's break out what you can expect to pay. Grace Canaan Make sure to follow the vaccination series established by your vet, a process that starts when your pup is approximately 6—8 weeks old. Some vaccines are administered once at that time, but many have follow-up applications before the age of 16 weeks. She recommends three core vaccinations, usually given in stages as part of a puppy's vaccination schedule: The DA2PP or DHPP series , also known as the "5—in—1 vaccine," protects against numerous highly contagious and often deadly viruses, including canine adenovirus types 1 and 2, distemper , parainfluenza, and parvovirus. Leptospirosis is an infection caused by bacteria commonly found in water and soil. Technically, this is a non-core vaccine , but leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease , which means it's easily transmittable between animals and humans. Left untreated, leptospirosis causes permanent kidney and liver damage. Rabies , another zoonotic disease, is considered the deadliest infectious disease in the world. Without prevention, rabies is almost always fatal. A hunting dog who travels is exposed to many dog diseases, parasitic infections, and other diseases. For this pet, frequent and full vaccination plus parasite preventives would be key," Bragdon says. These may include: Bordetella , also known as kennel cough , is a common respiratory infection that's highly contagious and might lead to pneumonia if left untreated. The vaccine is often administered in stages or as one shot with annual boosters. More social dogs, like those who can't get enough of the dog park , are often better protected with this. H3N2 and H3N8 influenza , frequently called the "canine flu," is another recommended dog vaccine for pups who compete in show competitions or sporting events, attend doggy daycare , or are boarded frequently. Similar to the human flu shot, this vaccine might not completely prevent your pet from getting canine flu, but it should lessen the symptoms and prevent the onset of pneumonia. Bragdon adds some canines might also require the Lyme vaccine as a precautionary measure, even though it's technically a non-core vaccine. Your vet may advise it for hiking or hunting dogs , farm or herding dogs , or those who live in high-risk tick endemic areas , such as the Northeastern United States, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. As you and your vet develop a preventative care plan, make sure to clarify how much dog vaccinations cost when first performed as well as the cost and frequency of any boosters. Overall, a veterinarian's fees vary based on their location and competitors' costs—and the particular needs of your pup. The eventual cost depends on the dog, where you live , and the shots they need. You may adopt a puppy after they received their first round of vaccines, for example. The cost varies based on which vaccinations are given and whether they are done at a veterinarian's office or a low-cost vaccination clinic run by a local government or humane organization. Dogs adopted from a shelter often already have up-to-date vaccinations, or a shelter may offer vaccinations at a discounted price. Unvaccinated adult dogs receive two rounds of vaccinations about three weeks apart. After that, dogs usually receive boosters annually. The basic shots -- for distemper, hepatitis, parvovirus, parainfluenza and sometimes leptospirosis and coronavirus -- usually are administered together in a combination vaccine. The rabies vaccine is given separately in accordance with local laws. The American Kennel Club[ 1 ] provides an overview of dog vaccinations. Additional costs: Some dog daycare facilities or kennels require vaccinations not included in the standard round of shots, such as for bordatella, known as kennel cough. In certain parts of the country, veterinarians recommend extra vaccinations, such as for Lyme disease. Discounts: Most humane societies and shelters include the first rounds of vaccinations in the adoption fee. Tip: It is possible to order vaccines online and vaccinate the dog yourself, but be sure you order from a reliable company. Depending on local laws, rabies vaccinations can now be given on a three-year schedule rather than yearly. Shopping for dog vaccination: Vaccinations protect dogs against life-threatening diseases, but side effects can include injection-site swelling, or fever and sluggishness that resolve within a day or two or, rarely, a serious allergic reaction. And the American Veterinary Medical Association[ 4 ] lists the benefits and risks of vaccinations. To find a good veterinarian, ask fellow dog owners, breeders or humane associations. Or, search at the American Veterinary Medical Association[ 5 ] website to find your state's veterinary medical association for a referral. Then ask how long the veterinarian has been practicing and how much continuing education he or she receives per year. Tour the clinic to check on cleanliness, attitude, policies and prices. This risk assessment should be undertaken with your veterinarian. Vaccination risks are a hot topic, and it is not a legal requirement in most places to get your pet vaccinated, with the exception of rabies vaccinations. However, most studies show compelling reasons to get your dog vaccinated regularly. Pros of vaccinating your dog The biggest argument for vaccination your dog or puppy is the prevention of life-threatening illnesses. While most pet owners today have never experienced a pet who has contracted parvovirus or distemper, these illnesses are devastating. Young puppies are the perfect targets for viruses and bacteria. This is why veterinarians place such high importance on puppy vaccinations. Image Credit: gorillaimages, Shutterstock Vaccines, however, are becoming the victims of their success. Many of the diseases dogs are vaccinated against are now virtually non-existent. The majority of dogs are vaccinated, which gives non-vaccinated dogs protection. This is the same concept as the human Poliovirus. The virus has been virtually eradicated due to vaccination , so even unvaccinated individuals are unlikely to contract it. The concept of herd immunity can give pet owners a false sense of security. Diseases, like canine distemper , for example, still exist in wild animals. Risks of vaccinating your dog There is risk involved in almost anything, including vaccinating your dog. Vaccines do have some side effects, most of which are mild and short-lived. Common vaccine reactions include a small lump at the injection site, which disappears spontaneously in about two weeks. This is relatively common as it occurs in about one in 10 dogs. Uncommon side effects affecting one in 1, dogs may include a temporary, self-resolving lack of appetite and energy. One in 10, dogs which means this is considered very rare may experience an immune or allergic reaction to ingredients in the vaccines Image Credit: LightField Studios, Shutterstock Risk Assessment Serious side effects of vaccines are very rare. It is a certainty that vaccinations protect your dog from potentially life-threatening diseases. These diseases have a very high mortality rate, and your dog is at risk if he is unvaccinated. The vaccines themselves have a very low risk of causing a serious reaction in your dog. For this reason, your veterinarian will often ask you to stay at the clinic for a period of time following vaccine administration so that any reaction can be reversed. Summary We have given you the average costs of dog and puppy vaccinations to help you include this in your budget for your pet. Vaccinations that are recommended for your pet should be discussed with your veterinarian based on your lifestyle and the laws and region in which you live. A Canadian expat, Nicole now lives on a lush forest property with her Kiwi husband and new baby daughter in New Zealand. She has a strong love for all animals of all shapes and sizes and particularly loves a good interspecies friendship and wants to share her animal knowledge and other experts' knowledge with pet lovers across the globe.Read more Advertisement. Ear Mites Heartworm Preventatives Heartworm is a parasitic roundworm that is spread from host to host through the bites of mosquitoes. The heartworm is a type of filarid, a small thread-like worm. The definitive host is the dog but it can also infect cats, and other animals, such as ferrets and even, under very rare circumstances, humans. Heartworm infection may result in a serious disease for the host. Heartworm disease is preventable with such products as Tr-Heart Plus! Protect your dog or cat from heartworm disease by giving medication once monthly, year-round or as directed by your veterinarian. Contact us for pricing. It can happen. Fleas and ticks can silently invite themselves onto your pet and into your yard and families home. These pests can then harm your pet by laying eggs and maturing into adult fleas and ticks. Ticks in some cases carry such diseases as Lyme Disease which can infect both you and your pet. A simple to use once a month spot on or tablet can help kill fleas and ticks on your dog or cat and prevents re-infestation. Please contact us for pricing to help with controlling an infestation before flea and tick season hits! Microchipping Not all pet microchips are created equal. There are important differences to consider when selecting a microchip. Using these microchips safeguards pets and helps to increase the chance that the pet will be reunited should it ever become lost, compared to pets that only wear collar tags. There are several different pet microchip systems in use today in the United States. They differ according to the frequency of the microchip and whether the microchip is encrypted. Encrypted microchips are not ISO-compliant, and can be read only by a scanner designed to read that specific, encrypted microchip. If a veterinarian or animal shelter does not own that specific scanner, it limits the chance of that microchip being read and the possibility of that pet being reunited with its owner. At TLC we only use microchips that contain an individual, preprogrammed code that is permanent, unique worldwide, and cannot be altered. Please go to www. Distemper Canine distemper virus CDV is a contagious, incurable, often fatal, multisystemic viral disease that affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems. Fortunately, vaccines are very effective in reducing its presence to very small numbers in well cared-for dogs. Stray dogs can be a source of the virus, as well as ferrets, skunks, and raccoons, which can also be affected by this disease. It is possible for humans to contract an asymptomatic CDV infection. Anyone who has been immunized against measles, which is a related virus, is protected against CDV as well. The virus is spread primarily by direct contact to a susceptible dog from a dog with the disease. Coughing can spread the virus. The discharge from the nose is highly concentrated with the virus. As with many infections, the clinical signs can vary from one dog to the next. The main signs are fever, loss of appetite, a thick yellow discharge from the nose and eyes, coughing, and seizures. There are many diseases that cause coughing, fever, loss of appetite, or seizures. However, this combination is unique to canine distemper. If the diagnosis is in doubt, a blood test should be performed for confirmation. Dogs usually develop encephalomyelitis, which is an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, the symptoms of which are variable and progressive. Most dogs that die from CDV, die from neurological complications. Antibiotics can be used because to treat secondary bacterial infections that may occur. Intravenous fluids, cough suppressants, and drugs to control seizures may be used. Intensive nursing care is essential as there are no drugs to kill the virus. This is best accomplished with the dog in the hospital. A very effective vaccine is available to protect dogs against distemper. It is given to puppies, as young as 6 weeks of age, in a series of injections. An annual booster vaccination should be given for life. The disease often kills. The virus is especially lethal to puppies. The main source of the virus is the feces of infected dogs. CPV is stable in the environment and is resistant to the effects of heat, detergents, and alcohol. CPV has been recovered from dog feces even after three months at room temperature. Due to its stability, the virus is easily transmitted via the fur or feet of infected dogs, contaminated shoes, clothes, and other objects. Direct contact between dogs is not required to spread the virus. It is transmitted by contact with parvovirus-infected dog feces or with an object that has come into contact with infected dog feces. Dogs that never leave their home or have no direct contact with other dogs should still have the parvovirus vaccination. The disease does not affect people or cats. Certain breeds of dogs are resistant to parvovirus vaccination and can be more susceptible to parvovirus infection. It is recommended that puppies of these breeds be given an additional parvovirus vaccination at 20 weeks-of-age. Individual dogs of those breeds that go to dog shows, dog classes, dog parks, or dog runs or visit any location which dogs have frequented may benefit from receiving a parvovirus vaccination every six months rather than just annually. The symptoms of CPV disease are somewhat variable, but generally take the form of severe vomiting and diarrhea. The diarrhea may or may not contain blood. Affected dogs often exhibit a lack of appetite, depression, and fever. Many dogs may not show every clinical sign, but vomiting and diarrhea are the most common signs; vomiting usually begins first. Parvo may affect dogs of all ages, but is most common in dogs less than one year of age. Young puppies less than five months of age are often the most severely affected and the most difficult to treat. There is no treatment to kill the virus once it infects the dog. The virus does not directly cause death; rather, it causes deterioration of the lining of the intestinal tract. This results in severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and infection of the bloodstream. When the bacteria that normally live in the intestinal tract are able to get into the blood stream, chances are greater that the animal will die. Dogs with CPV infection can recover if aggressive treatment is used and if therapy is begun before severe septicemia and dehydration occur. Some breeds, notably the Rottweiler, have a much higher fatality rate than other breeds. The first step in treatment is to correct dehydration and electrolyte levels. This requires intravenous fluids containing electrolytes. Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs are given to prevent or control septicemia. Antispasmodic drugs are used to reduce the diarrhea and vomiting that perpetuate the problems. Vaccination of puppies should begin at six to eight weeks-of-age and be repeated every two to four weeks until 16 weeks-of-age. Corona Virus This virus is airborne and passed from dog to dog. Corona virus is highly contagious and may cause vomiting, diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, and occasionally death. The disease is similar to parvovirus disease. Corona virus disease is a viral intestinal infection of dogs, which is usually of short duration. However it causes considerable discomfort to the dog for a few days. Corona virus does not affect people or cats. The virus is usually ingested from contaminated food bowls or by direct contact with the infected dog. Crowding and unsanitary conditions can also increase transmission. The incubation period from ingestion to display of symptoms is one to five days. There are many causes of diarrhea in dogs, all of which may appear similar to corona virus disease. Severe cases of corona virus can be easily confused with parvovirus, and they may occur together. See your veterinarian promptly if your dog has diarrhea that does not resolve in a few days or is associated with significant loss of appetite or energy. Many infections are mild and transient. Infections and outbreaks are more severe in young puppies. Mixed infections, for instance with parvovirus, may intensify the disease. Diarrhea is sudden in onset, accompanied by lethargy and decreased appetite. The stool is loose, mushy with a strong odor, and red-orange tinted. It may contain blood or mucus. As with most viruses, there are no medications to treat this disease, it will run its course in a few days. Antibiotics are used because secondary bacterial infections are common. Withholding food until 24 hours after the diarrhea has ceased and gradually reintroducing it may be sufficient. Dehydration may occur and must be corrected with intravenous fluids. It is best to seek veterinary assistance in treating this disease. Vaccination of puppies should begin at six weeks-of-age and be repeated every two to four weeks until 16 weeks-of-age. Leptospirosis Vaccination Minimum age — 6 weeks: Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease affects the blood, liver, or kidneys. Canine leptospirosis is a bacterial disease which attacks the kidneys and the liver, causing uremia, jaundice, and death. The disease is highly contagious. It is carried by many species of wild and domestic animals, including rats. It is transmitted to dogs and people via contact with infected animals or through contaminated drinking water. Ingestion of infected urine is the most common means of transmission, but some forms of the bacteria can penetrate damaged or very thin skin. The incubation period is usually days. Cats are extremely resistant to leptospirosis. Many infections go undetected, but other cases can be life threatening. There are three main forms of the disease: hemorrhagic bleeding , icteric liver , and renal kidney. In the hemorrhagic disease there is high fever with lethargy and loss of appetite. Multiple small hemorrhages occur in the mouth and on the whites of the eyes. Bloody diarrhea and vomiting may occur. This form is often fatal. The jaundice form begins much like the hemorrhagic form, and many of the signs are the same. It differs in the presence of a yellow color in the mouth and whites of the eyes. In severe cases in dogs with white hair, the skin will turn yellow. The renal form causes kidney failure. These dogs are very lethargic, anorectic, and experience vomiting. Their mouth may have a very bad odor, and the ulcers often develop on the tongue. This form may be fatal, but recovered dogs often have chronic kidney disease. If medical treatment is begun promptly, antibiotics are reasonably effective. For dogs that are extremely sick hospitalization for treatment with intravenous fluids, is necessary. The vaccine for leptospirosis should be included in the routine vaccination program by veterinarians. This usually results in lethargy for several days and possibly loss of appetite. These dogs recover and are then protected against the disease. Bordetella Also known as Kennel Cough or Infectious Bronchitis The Bordetella organism causes inflammation of the tubes in the lungs and bronchi, making infectious bronchitis a much better term. This air born virus attacks the upper respiratory tract and is passed from dog to dog. If you plan to board your dog, the kennel may require this vaccination. Several viruses and bacteria may cause it. These include the adenovirus type-2 virus, the parainfluenza virus, and the bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica Bb. The infection, an extremely contagious respiratory disease of dogs spreads rapidly from dog to dog in kennels, grooming shops, shows and training classes. The disease is spread by direct contact and via airborne transmission. Other symptoms include discharge from the eyes and nose, swollen tonsils, wheezing, lack of appetite, and lethargy. Although coughing is usually mild, it may persist for several weeks. Bordetella is often a complicating secondary part of other diseases such as canine distemper. Bordetella vaccine is given once yearly, except for the first time when it is given injections, two to four weeks apart until 16 weeks-of-age, and then once a year for life. Intranasal drops in the nose vaccines give faster and better protection than do injectable vaccines. The disease is treatable but may last for up to eight weeks, during which time the affected dog is highly contagious to other dogs. If untreated, the disease can progress to pneumonia and death. At TLC we only use the intranasal in the nose type of kennel cough vaccine as it is quicker and more effective than injectable. We recommend this vaccine to all dogs, especially for dogs that are to be boarded within a week or so of vaccination and thus do not have enough time to get the two bordetella injections three to four weeks apart with injectable. Dogs in their own back yards that never may leave are still susceptible up to yards from an infected dog. The virus easily carries on the air current infecting the animal. Viruses must run their course, which may take weeks. Antibiotics are useful against the bacteria involved, although some resistance to some antibiotics has occurred. Cough suppressants are used to break the cycle of coughing. Epidemiological evidence shows that the isolation of Bordetella bronchiseptica Bb from cats is frequently associated with the presence, in the same household, of dogs with recent respiratory tract disease. Bb infection in cats has been reported following outbreaks of kennel cough in dogs within the same households. There have been cases that prove molecules from both cats and dogs were shown to be identical. This suggests that infectious bronchitis may be transmitted between dogs and cats. Rabies Rabies is a disease caused by a virus that attacks the brain. It can affect any warm-blooded animal, including dogs and humans. It is almost always fatal. It is primarily transmitted from animal to animal and from animal to man through the bite of an infected animal. In order to control the spread of rabies, all pets must be vaccinated routinely. Rabies is a viral disease which affects all species of warm-blooded animals, including dogs, cats, and humans. It is transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal that has rabies virus in its saliva. Rabies virus travels in the nerves from the site of the bite to the brain and spinal cord. Rabid animals undergo personality changes during the course of the disease; these changes may include aggression and biting or increased friendliness and affectionateness. Rabies is ever present in the South West in wild animals such as skunks, raccoons, and bats. Law in all states requires rabies vaccination of dogs. Rabies vaccination of cats is not, but should be, because there are more reported case of rabies in cats than dogs, which also expose more humans to the disease. Puppies and kittens should be vaccinated against rabies at four months-of-age. The absolute minimum age is 16 weeks. If in doubt about the exact age of a puppy or kitten, wait until tooth eruption indicates that the patient is at least 16 weeks-of-age. Dogs and cats that are under one year-of-age when they receive a rabies vaccination will be protected for only one year. The next rabies vaccination must be given one year after the initial one. Dogs and cats that are over one year-of-age when they receive a rabies vaccination will be protected for three years. There are three stages of the disease. The first is the prodromal phase in which there is a marked change in temperament. The quiet dog becomes agitated, and the active dog becomes nervous or shy. Other symptoms include dilated pupils, excessive drooling, and snapping at imaginary objects. After days, the second phase begins. It is called the excitatory phase. There is an exaggerated response to any stimulus. Dogs may experience changes in appetite including eating and swallowing sticks, stones, and other objects. The dog may roam aimlessly, inflict trauma upon himself, and have a change in voice. There will often be vicious, aggressive behavior, even towards his guardian. Seizures may occur. His mouth may gape open with the tongue protruding. A progressive paralysis sets in resulting in total body paralysis. There are a number of diseases that can cause some of the signs of rabies. A few conditions can be very similar. Confirmation of rabies can only be made with special tests performed on brain tissue. This requires that the dog be euthanized and its head sent to a special diagnostic laboratory. Rabies is only transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal to another mammal. But even then, the virus is present in saliva of the infected animal for a limited time. If you are bitten by any animal of which you do not know the rabies vaccination status, you should immediately wash the wound with soap and water. Try to establish who owns the animal and whether the pet is currently vaccinated for rabies. In any case, seek the advice of your physician. Post-exposure rabies treatment with serum or vaccine may be recommended. This is very successful when begun quickly. Rabies vaccines are very safe and very effective. It is recommended for all dogs, and, required by law in many locales. The public health concern is so significant that even totally indoor dogs should be vaccinated. Vaccination for rabies is usually performed at three to four months of age, and then every one to three years depending on the vaccine and the local laws thereafter. Giardia Giardia infections can cause significant gastrointestinal disease including diarrhea, weight loss and poor weight gain despite normal appetite. Giardia is a parasite that lives in many unexpected sources. Your pet can be infected with Giardia simply by drinking contaminated water or by licking its paws after walking in an infected area. Once ingested, Giardia lives in the intestines of the pet, and is returned to the environment through feces. This disease frequently occurs in dogs and cats, and is the most prevalent protozoal disease in humans according to Centers for Disease Control reports. Symptoms of giardia in humans and pets include diarrhea, weight loss and poor weight gain despite normal appetite. Many pets contract the disease and do not show signs of it. However, they can pass the parasite to other animals. Although the potential for pain in infected pets is not known, humans with giardia can suffer from intense abdominal pain and cramping. Dogs and cats are susceptible to disease caused by Giardia, especially puppies and kittens. Their maturing immune system often leaves them unable to protect themselves from diseases. As a result, puppies and kittens are considered among the highest risk groups. Most dogs that are infected with Giardia do not have diarrhea or any other signs of illness. When the eggs are found in the stool of a dog without diarrhea, they are generally considered a transient, insignificant finding. In puppies and debilitated adult dogs, they may cause severe, watery diarrhea that may be fatal. Giardia is diagnosed by performing a microscopic examination of a stool sample. Occasionally, the parasites may be seen on a direct smear of the feces. A blood test is also available for detection of antigens cell proteins of Giardia in the blood. This test is probably more accurate than the stool exam, but it requires several days to get a result from the laboratory performing the test. The antibiotic drug used to kill Giardia is metronidazole. Medication should be given for days. Other drugs are also used if diarrhea and dehydration occur. Giardia can also cause diarrhea in humans. Environmental disinfection is very important. The use of chlorine bleach, one cup in a gallon of water, is effective if the surfaces and premises can be safely treated with it. Lyme Disease This disease is carried by ticks, so any dog you will be taking camping, hunting, or anywhere ticks are found should be vaccinated. Lyme disease not Lymes is a bacterial disease transmitted through tick bites. It takes 24 hours-or-so after attachment to your dog for an infested tick to transmit the disease. The disease can damage many body systems but most often causes fever, loss of appetite, arthritis, and lameness. Lyme disease is contracted via the bite of an infected tick. Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in the United States, and it continues to spread to new areas. The signs of Lyme disease include a bulls eye rash at the site of the tick bite, flu-like symptoms, fever, fatigue, joint and muscle aches, and lameness. Complications of this disease can include heart and nervous system. Treatment with antibiotics is usually effective if begun early, but diagnosis of the disease is difficult, so treatment is commonly started too late to be fully curative. Lyme disease can affect people; however they do not get it directly from pets. They get it from being bitten by the same ticks that transmit it to cats and dogs. Therefore, preventing exposure to ticks is important for you and your pet. Many people with Lyme disease notice a rash at the site of the bite within 3 to 30 days. For these people, the disease can be easily diagnosed at an early stage. Symptoms of Lyme disease are more difficult to detect in animals than in people. This rash does not develop in dogs or cats. Because the other symptoms of the disease may be delayed or not recognized, and because they are similar to those of many other diseases, Lyme disease in animals is often not considered until other diseases have been eliminated. Some pets are affected with the Lyme disease organism for over a year before they finally show symptoms. By this time, the disease may be throughout their whole body. Pets with lameness, swollen joints, and fever are suspected of having Lyme disease. Other diseases may also cause these symptoms. There are two blood tests that may be used for confirmation. The first is an antibody test. This test does not detect the actual spirochete in the blood but detects the presence of antibodies created by exposure to the organism. A test can be falsely negative if the pet is infected but has not yet formed antibodies, or if he never forms enough antibodies to cause a positive reaction. This may occur in animals with suppressed immune systems. Some pets that have been infected for long periods of time may no longer have enough antibodies present to be detected by the test. A positive test is meaningful, but a negative is not. The second test is the polymerase chain reaction PCR test. This is also known as DNA testing. It is very specific and sensitive. Not all pets have the spirochete in their blood cells. If a blood sample is tested, a false negative may occur. The best sample for testing is the fluid from an affected joint. The initial antibiotic selected to treat an infected pet may not be effective against the disease, especially if the infection is long-standing. In this situation, a switch to another antibiotic is often effective. Occasionally, the initial infection will recur, or the pet will become reinfected after being bitten by another infected tick. There is no vaccine available for cats. A vaccine is now available for protecting dogs against Lyme disease. This vaccine is initially given twice, at two-week intervals. Rattlesnake Vaccine Rattlesnakes live a variety of habitats. They are found in wetlands, deserts and forests, from sea level to mountain elevations. Rattlesnakes are most active in warmer seasons, from spring to fall. Dogs can encounter a rattlesnake anytime they are in rattlesnake habitat. You and your dog may live in rattlesnake habitat. Perhaps you travel through or frequently visit places where rattlesnakes are found. Maybe rattlesnakes are around when you take your dog hiking, camping or hunting. Like people, dogs may stumble over the location of a snake by accident. Curiosity or a protective instinct can place your dog at risk. In each case, vaccination helps to protect her. The damage caused by a rattlesnake bite can be serious. When injected into an unprotected dog, the toxic components of snake venom are very painful and can have serious consequences. Even if your dog survives the immediate effects of a rattlesnake bite, she can be permanently injured. The treatment of a rattlesnake bite is expensive. The treatment of snakebite may include antivenom injections that can cost hundreds to thousands of dollars. Other costs of snakebite treatment may include hospitalization, intravenous fluids or other medicines. Vaccination is safer than antivenom treatment. Vaccination can reduce the overall effects of snakebite, reduce or eliminate the need for antivenom, and decrease other treatment costs as well. The first year your dog is vaccinated, she should receive two doses of vaccine spaced one month apart. Subsequent booster doses are recommended annually in the Spring, or about a month before you take your dog into rattlesnake habitat. This process makes vaccination safer than antivenom treatment. Protective antibodies made by your dog in response to the vaccine start neutralizing venom immediately. Antibody levels in recently vaccinated dogs are comparable to treatment with three vials of antivenom. This means vaccinated dogs experience less pain and a reduced risk of permanent injury from rattlesnake bite. Snakebite is always an emergency. Even after your dog is vaccinated against rattlesnake venom, it should be immediately taken to a veterinarian for evaluation and care as soon as possible following snakebite. Even bites by non-venomous snakes can lead to serious infections and antibiotic treatment may be needed. A veterinarian can determine if your dog is sufficiently protected for the specific type of snake involved and the amount of venom injected, or whether additional medical treatment would be helpful. Because there are many different poisonous snakes, Red Rock Biologics is developing a variety of vaccines to provide the best protection against poisonous snakes for dogs in each part of the country. Ask your veterinarian which available vaccine formulation is best for your dog. The most common types of these parasitic worms are roundworms and hookworms. They are both intestinal parasites that live and grow in the intestines of your pet. Most pets show no sign of infection, however, some may vomit, lose their appetite, sustain severe weight loss and heavy infections in puppies and kittens may be fatal. These roundworms and hookworms can also infect people and are known as zoonotic infections. People get roundworm and hookworm infection with direct contact with infected feces that are often found in soil, sand or plant life and hookworms can actually penetrate the skin. Children are more vulnerable than adults as they are more likely to put dirty objects in their mouth and play on the ground with dirt that may be contaminated. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate more than 10, cases of human infection with roundworms alone per year. Inside the human body, roundworms may cause damage to tissue and sometimes cause permanent nerve or eye damage and even blindness. Hookworms typically move about within the skin of humans, causing inflammation or can penetrate into deeper tissues and cause more serious damage to the intestine and other organs. Heartworm Disease Heartworm disease dirofilariasis is a serious and potentially fatal disease in dogs. A worm called Dirofilaria immitis causes this disease. Heartworms are found in the heart and large adjacent vessels of infected dogs. One dog may have as many as worms. Adult heartworms live in the heart and pulmonary arteries of infected dogs. It is unusual, however they have been found in other areas of the body. They survive up to five years and, during this time; the female produces millions of young microfilaria. The microfilaria lives in the bloodstream, mainly in the small blood vessels. The immature heartworms cannot complete the entire life cycle in the dog; the mosquito is required for some stages of the heartworm life cycle. The microfilaria are not infective cannot grow to adulthood in the dog — although they do cause problems. There are many as 30 species of mosquitoes can transmit heartworms. The female mosquito bites the infected dog and ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal. The microfilariae develop further for 10 to 30 days in the mosquito and then enter the mouthparts of the mosquito. The microfilariae are now called infective larvae because at this stage of development, they will grow to adulthood when they enter a dog. The mosquito bites the dog where the hair coat is thinnest, but having long hair does not prevent a dog from getting heartworms. When fully developed, the infective larvae enter the bloodstream and move to the heart and adjacent vessels, where they grow to maturity in two to three months and start reproducing, completing the full life cycle. Most dogs infected with heartworms do not show any signs of disease for as long as two years. By the time symptoms are observed, the disease is well advanced. Adult worms cause disease by clogging the heart and major blood vessels leading from the heart. They interfere with the valve action in the heart. When the main blood vessels become clogged, the blood supply to other organs of the body is reduced, particularly the liver, kidneys and lungs, which leads to the malfunction of these organs. The signs of heartworm disease depend on the number of adult worms present, the location of the worms, the length of time the worms have been present, and the degree of damage to the dogs organs. The most obvious signs are a soft, dry, chronic cough, shortness of breath, weakness, nervousness, listlessness, and loss of stamina. All of these signs are most noticeable following exercise, when some dogs may even faint. Listening to the chest with a stethoscope will often reveal abnormal lung and heart sounds. In advanced cases, congestive heart failure may be apparent and the abdomen and legs will swell from fluid accumulation. Severely infected dogs may die suddenly during exercise or excitement. Destruction of lung tissue leads to coughing. Cirrhosis of the liver causes jaundice, anemia, and general weakness because this organ is essential in maintaining a healthy animal. The kidneys may also be affected and allow toxins to buildup in the body. In most cases, diagnosis of heartworm disease can be made by a blood test that can be run in the veterinary hospital or by a veterinary laboratory. Further diagnostic procedures are essential, in advanced cases particularly, to determine if the dog can tolerate heartworm treatment. Depending on the case, your veterinarian will recommend some or all of the following procedures before treatment is started. Blood tests are the most widely used test because it detects antigens proteins produced by adult heartworms. Dogs with less than five adult heartworms will not have enough antigens to turn the test positive, so there may be some false negative results in early infections. Because only the female worm produces the antigen detected, a pure population of male heartworms will also give a false negative. There must be at least five female worms present for the most common test to be positive. A blood sample is examined under the microscope for the presence of microfilariae. If microfilariae are seen, the test is positive. The number of microfilariae seen will suggest the severity of the infection. However, the microfilariae are seen in greater numbers in the summer months and in the evening, so these variations must be considered. Because of this, the antigen test is the preferred test. Also, there is another microfilarial parasite that is fairly common in dogs; on the blood smear, these can be hard to distinguish from heartworm microfilariae. There is some risk involved in treating dogs with heartworms, although fatalities are rare. In the past, the drug used to treat heartworms contained arsenic so toxic effects and reactions occurred somewhat frequently. Now a newer drug is available that does not have the toxic side-effects of the old one. An injectable drug to kill adult heartworms is given for two days. It kills the adult heartworms in the heart and adjacent vessels. Complete rest is essential after treatment. The adult worms die in a few days and start to decompose. As they break up, they are carried to the lungs, where they lodge in the small blood vessels and are eventually reabsorbed by the body. This can be a dangerous period so it is absolutely essential that the dog be kept quiet and not be allowed to exercise for one month following treatment. The first week after the injections is very critical because the worms are dying. A cough is noticeable for seven to eight weeks after treatment in many heavily infected dogs. Approximately one month following treatment to kill the adults, the dog should return to the veterinian for administration of a drug to kill microfilariae. Seven to ten days later another blood test is performed to determine if microfilariae are present. If they have been all killed, the treatment is complete. If there are still some present in the blood, treatment for microfilariae is repeated. Although a dog has been successfully treated for heartworms, the dogs can be reinfected. It is essential to begin a heartworm prevention program immediately after the treatment is completed. Roundworms As their name implies, these are worms that have round bodies. On average, they are about inches long. Unlike hookworms, they do not attach to the intestinal wall; instead they swim in their food. Like hookworm eggs, they must be found with a microscope. Puppies born to mothers that have had roundworms at any time in the past can transmit them to puppies before birth. Swallowing roundworm eggs that contain infective larvae may infect both puppies and adult dogs. After several weeks, the larvae make their way back to the intestine to mature. They are not highly harmful to adult dogs, but large numbers can cause weight loss and a pot-bellied appearance to puppies and weak adults. Decreased appetite, vomiting or diarrhea will be observed on occasion. Roundworms can be fatal to puppies. They pass a moderate number of eggs, so examination of more than one stool sample may be necessary to find them. Treatment is very safe and effective drugs are available to kill roundworms in the intestine. Some of these drugs temporarily anesthetize the worms so that they pass out of the dog with a normal bowel movement. The live or dead worms are found in the stool. Because of their large size, they are easily seen. At least two or three treatments are needed; they are typically performed at week intervals. None of these treatments will kill the immature forms of the worm or the migrating larvae. The eggs are highly resistant to most commonly used disinfectants and to even harsh environmental conditions. This does not, however, kill the eggs. The roundworms of both dogs and cats pose a health risk for humans. As many as 10, cases of roundworm infection in humans have been reported in one year. Children, in particular, are at risk for health problems should they become infected. A variety of organs may be affected as the larvae migrate through the body. In suitable environments, the eggs may remain infective to humans and to dogs and cats for years. Most heartworm prevention products contain a drug that will prevent roundworm infections. These products will not kill the adult roundworms so they must be treated if present. Hookworm Infection Hookworms are parasites that get their name from the hook-like mouthparts they use to attach to the intestinal wall. Despite their small size, they suck large amounts of blood from the tiny vessels in the intestinal wall. A large number of hookworms can cause anemia. This problem is most common in puppies, but it will occasionally occur in adult dogs. A dog may become infected when it swallows hookworm larvae immature worm. The larvae may also penetrate the skin and migrate to the intestine to mature and complete its life cycle. If a pregnant dog has hookworms, the pregnancy may reactivate larvae. The most significant problems appear related to intestinal distress and anemia. Blood loss results from the parasites attaching to intestinal capillaries. Some dogs experience significant weight loss, bloody diarrhea, or failure to grow properly with hookworm infection. Skin irritation and itching can be one of the common signs of a heavy infestation. The larvae burrow into the skin and cause the dog a great deal of itching and discomfort. Hookworms are diagnosed with a microscopic examination of a stool sample. Since there are so many eggs produced on a daily basis, they are rather easily detected. One adult female hookworm can produce as many as 20, eggs a day. In puppies, large numbers of worms usually must be present before eggs are shed into the stool. For this reason, fecal examination may be less reliable in very young puppies than in adult dogs. There are some available that are safe to use on grass. Adult hookworms do not infect humans, although the larvae can burrow into human skin. This causes itching, commonly called ground itch, but the worms do not mature into adults. Direct contact of human skin to moist, hookworm-infested soil is required. Fortunately, this does not occur very often if normal hygiene practices are observed. There are several very effective drugs that will kill hookworms. These are given by injection or orally and have few, if any, side effects. However, these drugs only kill the adult hookworms. Therefore, it is necessary to treat again in about weeks to kill any newly formed adult worms that were larvae at the time of the first treatment. A blood transfusion may be necessary in some dogs because of the rather severe anemia that can be produced. Puppies should be first treated at weeks of age. A nursing female dog should be treated with her pups; nursing may reactivate infection in the female. Prompt deworming should be given when parasites are detected; periodic deworming may be appropriate for pets at high risk for reinfection. Most heartworm prevention products contain a drug that will prevent hookworm infections. However, these products will not kill the adult hookworms, so dogs will need to be treated for adult hookworms first. Tapeworms This parasite attaches to the small intestinal wall by hook-like mouthparts. Adult tapeworms may reach 8 inches in length. As the tail end of the worm matures, the terminal segments break off and pass into the stool. Occasionally, the mobile segments can be seen crawling near the anus or on the surface of a fresh bowel movement. These segments look like grains of rice and contain tapeworm eggs; the eggs are released into the environment when the segment dries. In order for a dog to become infected with the common tapeworm, the dog must swallow a flea that contains tapeworm eggs. The process begins when flea larvae swallow tapeworm eggs. Next, the dog chews or licks his skin as a flea bites; the flea is then swallowed. Tapeworms are not usually harmful to your dog. They may cause debilitation and weight loss when they occur in large numbers. Sometimes, the dog will scoot or drag his anus across the ground or carpet because the segments are irritating to the skin in this area. The adult worm is generally not seen, but the white segments that break away from the tapeworm and pass outside the body are almost always noticeable. Occasionally, a tapeworm will release its attachment in the intestines and move into the stomach. This irritates the stomach, causing the dog to vomit the worm. When this happens, a worm several inches in length will be seen. Control of fleas is very important in the management and prevention of tapeworm infection. Flea control involves treatment of your dog, the indoor environment and the outdoor environment where the dog resides. If the dog lives in a flea-infested environment, reinfection with tapeworms may occur in as little as two weeks. Because the medication that treats tapeworm infection is so effective, return of the tapeworms is almost always due to reinfection from the animals surroundings. A flea must be ingested for humans to become infected with the most common tapeworm of dogs. Most reported cases have involved children. The most effective way to prevent human infection is through aggressive flea control. The risk for infection with this tapeworm in humans is quite small but does exist. Treatment is simple and, fortunately, very effective. A drug that kills tapeworms is given, either orally or by injection. It causes the tapeworm to dissolve within the intestines. These drugs should not cause vomiting, diarrhea, or any other adverse side effects. They live in the colon of dogs where they cause severe irritation. This results in watery, bloody diarrhea, weight loss, and an overall decline in health. They are one of the most pathogenic worms found in dogs. Whipworms pass microscopic eggs in the stool. They mature and are able to reinfect the dog in days. The eggs are swallowed and return to the lower intestinal tract to complete the life cycle. Whipworms are diagnosed by finding eggs with a microscopic examination of the stool. Multiple samples are often required because these parasites pass small numbers of eggs on an irregular basis. Any dog with chronic diarrhea can be reasonably suspected to have whipworms, regardless of several negative stool examinations. It is customary practice to treat for whipworms based on assumption of infection. Response to treatment is an indication that whipworms were present but could not be detected on fecal examination. There are several drugs that are very effective against whipworms. Two treatments are needed at a week interval, but because reinfection is such a problem, it is advisable to treat again every months or to put the dog on a heartworm prevention product that contains an ingredient that prevents infection with whipworms. Whipworms are not nearly as common now because of widespread use of the types of heartworm prevention products. Whipworms are not infectious to people; they are parasites of dogs. Ear Mites Ear Mites While there are several types of mites that may infect cats and dogs, Otodectes cynotis is the mite most commonly seen. Ear mites are an external parasite that causes significant discomfort. Ear mites can live on any part of the body, although they generally live in the ears. This is the most common cause of inflammation of the outer ear canal in the animals. They are most often seen in kittens and puppies, but they can affect cats and dogs of any age and are extremely contagious. The mites feed on tissue debris and secretions from the ear canal lining. With repeated irritation, the ear canal thickens and debris builds up within the ear canal. This debris, caused by mite waste products, dead tissue and fluid resembles coffee grounds. In long-term cases of ear mites in cats and dogs, there are often secondary bacterial and yeast infections creating even more stress on the animal and making treatment more difficult. Other indications the animal may display are head shaking, scratching the ears, which leads to sores, reddish-brown to black discharge in the ears, and an odor from the ears. Sometimes there may be no observable signs of ear mites. In chronic cases of ear mites in cats and dogs, there are often secondary bacterial and yeast infections that complicate the treatment, creating more stress on the animal. Damage to the ear could include a thickening of the skin or infection that is caused by the cat or dog damaging the skin by scratching, and bacteria entering these wounds. The life cycle of an ear mite lasts about twenty-one days from egg to adult, entails going through four stages: 1. The Eggs — Female ear mites usually lay about 5 eggs daily during their entire adult life. Deposited on the surface lining of the ear canal, the eggs hatch within 4 days. The Larvae — Once hatched from the eggs, the larvae feed for 4 days then rest for 24 hours as they molt. The Nymphs — Two stages of nymphs are recognized. Each feeds for 3 to 5 days and then rests and then molts to the next stage. There can be literally thousands of mites crawling about the ear canal and external ear surfaces. Ear mites do not burrow into the skin. They are communicable from one animal to another by direct contact. A diagnosis of ear mites by the veterinarian is usually made by either visualization of the mites with an otoscope or microscopic examination of the ear discharge. Although some cats and dogs show no outward signs of ear mite infestations, the mites can be diagnosed as described above. In most cats and dogs with ear mites, if you briskly rub the ear canal area the animal will respond by automatic scratching movements of the back leg. Triggering this automatic scratching movement seldom occurs in animals that do not have ear mites. Your veterinarians will check for ear mites as part of the routine physical exam, especially in multi-pet households. There are a number of medications used to treat ear mites in cats and dogs. Your veterinarian will prescribe an effective product, be sure to have a follow-up exam done four weeks after prescribed treatment. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. Functional Functional Always active The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Preferences Preferences The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. 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